Final answer:
If an airplane is overloaded, it will have impaired performance due to the need for greater lift and more engine power. The forces exerted by tractors and the sensations during takeoff and turns are explained by Newton's laws of motion. The development of powerful engines, new materials, and electronic systems has enhanced airplane capacity and efficiency.
Step-by-step explanation:
If an airplane is loaded beyond the maximum allowable weight, it will experience a variety of adverse effects. Primarily, the performance of the airplane will be degraded in several key areas such as take-off run length, climb rate, and overall maneuverability. The reason is that the performance of an airplane is directly related to its weight - the heavier the plane, the more lift is required, and the harder the engines have to work.
When discussing the dynamics involved in moving airplanes, such as tractors exerting forces to move airplanes, we consider Newton's laws of motion. In one example addressing a tractor and airplane system, a tractor with 1800-kg mass exerts a force of 1.75 × 104 N backward on the pavement, with total resistive forces of 2400 N and an acceleration of 0.150 m/s². Using Newton's second law, F = ma, we can calculate the mass of the airplane. Further, by understanding the forces of friction involved, we can also calculate the force exerted by the tractor on the airplane.
Another point to consider is the sensation passengers feel when an airplane takes off or when a car turns sharply. These sensations can be explained by Newton's first law, which states that an object in motion tends to stay in motion, and an object at rest tends to stay at rest unless acted on by an outside force. The feeling of being pushed back or to the side is actually due to our inertia resisting the change in motion initiated by the airplane or car.
Historically, the ability to carry heavier loads has been made possible by the development of more powerful engines, like the transition from gasoline-powered piston engines to efficient turbofan engines, and advances in materials, including lightweight metal alloys and composites. Electronic instrumentation also plays a pivotal role in safe navigation, regardless of payload and weather conditions.