Final answer:
Common techniques for quality planning and control in projects include clear goal definition, comprehensive evaluation frameworks, cost estimation through mathematical models, thorough prototype testing, and using market-oriented tools to design effective policy tools.
Step-by-step explanation:
The most common techniques for planning and controlling the quality of a project include defining clear goals, creating a comprehensive evaluation framework, utilizing mathematical models for cost estimation, and ensuring thorough testing of prototypes. Effective quality control requires understanding the "what is being done" and "why it is being done" to guarantee the evaluation's relevance and applicability. All aspects of a planned evaluation must be achievable prior to implementation. Having a well-thought-out plan simplifies any necessary changes.
Among the techniques used in project planning and quality control are engineering design processes, considering the budget for product development, and using drawings as part of the design process. Utilization of mathematical models helps in roughly estimating the costs associated with different approaches, and these costs must be normalized to compare alternatives effectively.
In the broader scope of environmental policy, command-and-control regulation and market-oriented tools are two approaches debated for effectiveness. However, in the context of project planning, similar market-oriented tools could be adopted to design policy tools for accomplishing specific project goals, such as reducing the rate of flow of water through a hose or pollution reduction.