Final answer:
The bond between tRNA and an amino acid is an ester bond formed during the tRNA charging process catalyzed by aminoacyl tRNA synthetases. Charged tRNAs are responsible for translating the mRNA codons into a sequence of amino acids for protein synthesis.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of bond that a tRNA has to an amino acid (AA) is known as an ester bond. This bond is formed during a process called tRNA "charging." During this process, aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, which are specific enzymes for each of the 20 amino acids, catalyze the attachment of an amino acid to the tRNA molecule. This reaction involves hydrolyzing ATP to form a high-energy bond with adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which subsequently transfers the activated amino acid to the tRNA's CCA amino acid binding end at the 3' end, effectively "charging" the tRNA by ester linkage.
These tRNAs play a critical role in protein synthesis as they bring the correct amino acids in sequence as specified by the mRNA template during translation. The anticodon site of the tRNA pairs with the corresponding codon on mRNA, allowing the correct amino acid to be incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain.