Final answer:
Cattle link the Indus Valley Civilization, Aryan civilization, and modern India through the Aryan nomadic pastoralists' use of cattle, the sacred significance of cows in Hinduism, and the ongoing economic and societal role of cattle in India.
Step-by-step explanation:
The cattle link the Indus Valley Civilization, the Aryan civilization, and modern India in several ways. Firstly, the Aryan nomadic pastoralists, who called themselves Aryans and spoke Sanskrit, raised cattle and horses. They migrated from the Eurasian Steppe and eventually settled in Pakistan and India. Secondly, cattle have always held great significance in Hinduism, which is the predominant religion in India.
The cow is considered sacred and associated with the mother of all gods, and Hindus often practice vegetarianism and do not eat beef. Thirdly, even in modern India, cattle play an important role in the economy and society. They provide dung for fuel, traction for plowing fields, milk production, and are valued even after their death for beef and leather.