Final answer:
The political party from the 1790s that would have supported a strong federal government was the Federalists. The Democrats originated in 1828, followed by the Whig Party in 1834, thus they were not present in the 1790s.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the 1790s, the political party that would have supported a strong federal government and a vision of a centralized federal authority would be the Federalists. The Democratic-Republicans, on the other hand, advocated for states' rights and limited federal government intervention. At this point in history, neither the Whigs (which opposed Jackson's policies in the 1830s) nor the Dixiecrats (a 20th-century offshoot of the Democratic Party) would have been in existence.
The Democrats emerged in 1828 with Andrew Jackson's campaign for presidency, and were characterized by their support for westward expansion and opposition to a national bank. The Whig Party came about in 1834, adopting a platform of economic and judicial nationalism which necessitated a more influential federal government.
Reviewing the historical context, we can conclude that the Federalists is the correct answer for the political party in the 1790s supporting the beliefs articulated in the question.