Final Answer:
The expected difference in values that occurs when examining different subjects from the same sample is known as Systemic variation. Thus the correct option is (B).
Step-by-step explanation:
Systemic variation refers to the consistent and predictable differences in values that can arise when examining different subjects within the same sample. This type of variation is not due to random chance but rather to some systematic factor influencing the measurements. To understand this concept better, consider a scenario where a researcher measures the blood pressure of individuals within a sample. If there is a consistent and expected difference in blood pressure values due to a specific factor, such as age or gender, this would be an example of systemic variation.Thus the correct option is (B).
To illustrate further, suppose we have a sample of individuals from a city, and we measure their commute times to work. If there is a consistent and expected difference in commute times based on the distance from their homes to the city center, this would be an instance of systemic variation. It is crucial to distinguish systemic variation from random variation (option A), which represents unpredictable fluctuations in values that occur by chance.
Understanding systemic variation is essential in the field of statistics, particularly in the context of sampling and research design. Researchers aim to minimize systemic variation to ensure that the observed differences in the sample are representative of the broader population, making their findings more generalizable and reliable.