Final answer:
A woman being denied a job because she has school-age children while men with school-age children are hired, is an instance of employment discrimination and reflects the 'motherhood penalty' which affects women's employment and earnings.
Step-by-step explanation:
If a woman is denied a job on the basis that she has school-age children, but men with school-age children obtain employment, this is an example of employment discrimination. This particular instance falls under the broader concept known as the "motherhood penalty," which is a form of gender-based discrimination in the labor market. Women face unique barriers to employment, such as being recommended a lower starting salary compared to men and non-mothers, and this impacts their long-term career advancement and earning potential.