Final answer:
A gargoyle is a grotesque, carved figure, often found on Gothic cathedrals, that functions as a water spout and symbolizes protection against evil. It gained popularity in medieval architecture and served dual purposes of managing rainwater and impressing religious themes on society.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term for a grotesquely carved figure of a human or animal that serves as a spout to project rainwater clear of a building is a gargoyle. These architectural elements not only function to divert rainwater but also served a symbolic purpose. The open-mouthed gargoyle specifically, with its often grotesque appearance, acted as a guardian against evil, deterring spirits and educating those who were illiterate about religious themes. Many gargoyles can be seen adorning the exteriors of Gothic cathedrals, such as Notre Dame, where they stand as both functional and decorative pieces. They rose to prominence in medieval architecture in the 13th century, offering protection from both physical water damage and spiritual harm.
Like gargoyles, other stone carvings such as antefixes were also significant in historical architecture. They were often carved with images of deities like Dionysus or terrifying figures like Medusa, providing both physical protection to buildings and serving as apotropaic symbols designed to ward off evil.