Final answer:
The question explores the origins of city names and distinctions between different settlement classifications including the lack of consistent definitions for terms like village, town, and city. It highlights the influence of American Indian languages on place names in the U.S. and mentions the concepts of incorporated cities and primate cities.
Step-by-step explanation:
The query about cities that do not share names with countries highlights a number of interesting aspects of toponyms and how places are named. In the United States, many city names and place names have origins in American Indian languages, as seen with cities like Chicago, Milwaukee, and Seattle. Conversely, other groups such as Russians, Poles, Italians, and Africans have fewer toponyms, often due to their later arrival or lack of power as seen with African toponyms.
Cities are often named using compound words, where the suffix "-ton" denotes a settlement, exemplified by Charleston, Boston, and Newton. However, the legal and common definitions of settlements such as hamlets, villages, towns, and cities are not consistent across all regions, and the U.S. Census Bureau uses terms like "rural" and "urban" to provide a more distinct classification of areas.
Interestingly, certain cities such as Honolulu and Arlington are not incorporated, thus they are categorized as "census designated places" rather than official cities. It is also possible for some cities to encompass large areas with low population density, which can lead to confusion about the extent of urban space, as is the case with Jacksonville, Florida. Additionally, a primate city is defined as a city that is more than twice as large as the second-largest city in a country, though it's not always the capital.