Final answer:
Mary Whiton Calkins was the first female president of the APA, elected in 1905, and Francis Cecil Sumner was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology in 1920, with Inez Beverly Prosser being the first African American woman to do so in 1933.
Step-by-step explanation:
The first woman president of the American Psychological Association (APA) was Mary Whiton Calkins, who was elected in 1905. Despite completing all requirements for a Ph.D. in psychology, Harvard University refused to grant her the degree due to her gender. Nonetheless, her contributions in the realm of memory research and her critique of structuralism and functionalism were foundational to the development of psychology.
The first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology was Francis Cecil Sumner in 1920. His research focused on psychoanalysis, racial bias and educational justice. Sumner played a pivotal role in establishing Howard University's psychology department and is often referred to as the "Father of Black Psychology." Inez Beverly Prosser followed as the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology in 1933, with research that had significant implications for the Brown v. Board of Education ruling against segregated public schools.