Final answer:
International externalities are issues that cross national borders and cannot be resolved by a single nation alone, requiring cooperative action and political solutions.
Step-by-step explanation:
Goals that cannot be attained by a single party are referred to as international externalities. These are issues that cross national borders and require more than one nation's efforts to resolve. In the context of economics and political science, international externalities can include environmental concerns, trade disputes, and other matters that don't stop at a country's borders. This concept shows that problems such as climate change, pollution, and shared resource management are inherently cooperative and cannot be addressed effectively by any one nation acting alone.
Collective action problems, such as the tragedy of the commons, free riding, and prisoner's dilemma, often occur when groups are too large to rely on personal relationships, requiring political mechanisms for monitoring and enforcement. International externalities pose a collective dilemma where political solutions are necessary because the causes of such factions cannot be removed easily. In the face of such dilemmas, cooperation can be difficult to achieve, yet it remains essential for addressing such issues.