Final answer:
The most accurate description of the long-term effects of exposure to stress during childhood, given the options, is an increased risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression.
Step-by-step explanation:
The long-term effects of exposure to stress during childhood can manifest in several ways. However, given the choices provided, the statement that best describes these effects is the potential development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Prolonged stress can cause changes in the body and brain that may result in enduring psychological conditions. In children who face extreme or chronic stress, PTSD can be characterized by intrusive memories, hypervigilance, negative emotional states, detachment, and avoidance behaviors. Similarly, depression may arise due to the chronic feelings of helplessness and ongoing strain that disrupt the neurochemical balance within the brain. These conditions have been observed in various studies, indicating that early exposure to stress has profound implications for an individual's long-term mental health.