Final answer:
The Aztec civilization displayed sophisticated knowledge in both mathematics, using zeroes in their complex numerical system, and astronomy, reflected in their detailed calendar. Despite the loss of many documents during the Spanish conquest, the evidence suggests they had highly developed scientific understanding in these fields.
Step-by-step explanation:
Yes, the Aztec civilization had advanced mathematical and astronomical knowledge. They not only created a detailed system of mathematics and geometry, allowing them to engineer remarkable city structures, but they also had a sophisticated understanding of astronomy. The Aztec calendar was an important cultural artifact that reflected their extensive astronomical knowledge and temporal cycles.
Their mathematics was notably advanced, implementing concepts such as the use of zero, which they likely inherited from earlier Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Maya, who were among the first to use it. This mathematical prowess allowed them to build an empire with remarkable precision and to develop complex agricultural and urban planning systems. Likewise, the Aztecs' knowledge of astronomy was integrated with their religious beliefs and ceremonies. They observed celestial bodies, made accurate astronomical calculations, and used this knowledge in conjunction with their calendar for agricultural and ritual purposes.
The loss of many of their scientific and technical manuals during the Spanish conquest and the subsequent cultural transformations means that much of their original knowledge had to be rediscovered through archaeology and anthropology. Despite this, existing evidences, such as the few surviving codices which include mathematical and astronomical information, have provided insights into their sophisticated understanding of these fields.