Final answer:
The attempt to impeach Justice Samuel Chase highlighted the independence of the Supreme Court, affirming that justices could not be removed due to their rulings and reinforcing the judiciary's role as a distinct and co-equal branch of government.
Step-by-step explanation:
The outcome of the Democratic-Republican attempt to remove Federalist Justice Samuel Chase from office is significant because it enhanced the independence of the Supreme Court. The attempt to remove Justice Chase came after the acrimonious disputes between the Federalists, who had passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 to shape the judiciary in their favor, and the Democratic-Republicans, who opposed such moves. Notably, Justice Chase was a signatory to the Declaration of Independence and had evolved from a states-righter to a staunch Federalist. His impeachment was seen as a partisan move, but he was ultimately acquitted by the Senate, reinforcing the notion that the judiciary would not be subject to political interference and that justices could not be removed for their decisions. Hence, rather than strengthen the power of the executive or legislative branches, the trial underscored the judiciary's separate and independent role within the federal government.
Previous judicial controversies, such as the decision in Marbury v. Madison, had already set the stage for the judicial branch's ability to review and invalidate laws it deems unconstitutional, thereby reinforcing its independence. The failed impeachment of Chase further cemented the independence of justices once confirmed. This climate of independence was nurtured by figures like John Marshall, who, during his time as Chief Justice, solidified the role of the Supreme Court.