Final answer:
Thomas Nagel tackled the issue of moral luck by considering the concept of moral responsibility. The concept of moral luck highlights the challenge of holding individuals accountable for actions influenced by factors beyond their control, and Nagel's solution rests on refining our understanding of moral responsibility.
Step-by-step explanation:
Thomas Nagel discussed the concept of moral luck, which questions how individuals can be morally responsible for actions and outcomes that are significantly influenced by factors beyond their control. Nagel believed that the problem of moral luck could be addressed by appealing to a conception of moral responsibility that accounts for the role that external factors play in the moral evaluation of actions. Hence, the correct answer to the student's question is d) Moral responsibility. Nagel's position engages with the debate between moral realism and moral skepticism. Moral realism asserts that there are objective, universal moral truths, while moral skepticism denies this, emphasizing the subjectivity and variability of moral claims. In contrast to positions such as ethical relativism, which views morality as relative to different cultures or individuals, and subjective morality which stems from personal feelings or beliefs, Nagel's examination of moral luck suggests that a robust sense of moral responsibility might mitigate some of the arbitrariness that moral luck introduces into our moral judgments. Ultimately, Nagel's perspective does not cleanly align with subjective morality, ethical relativism, or objective ethics (in the sense of ethical naturalism) but instead looks toward understanding how morality can account for both controllable and uncontrollable aspects of our actions.