Final answer:
The correct answer is 'd) Independent viewpoints,' which are not considered a problem but rather an asset in creating universal legal requirements, as they add diversity of thought to the legislative process.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question asks which of the listed options is not a problem associated with transforming individual moral standards into universal legal requirements. The correct answer is 'd) Independent viewpoints.' Independent viewpoints are actually essential for a thriving legal and moral society as they promote diversity of thought and help in creating well-rounded laws that take into account different perspectives.
Other options such as inadequate information, incomplete participation, and inarticulate representation are indeed problems that can arise when individual morals are translated into laws. These options reflect the challenges of ensuring that the law correctly captures the moral sentiments of society fairly and accurately, and they highlight the difficulties in participation and communication within a diverse populace. Hence, they are discarded as the correct answer.