Final answer:
Primary custody and a strong parent-child relationship are factors that protect children from the negative consequences of divorce. Proximity to parents and joint living arrangements are beneficial, and adolescents value a strong marriage and family life. Age impacts how children cope with divorce; low-conflict environments are preferable, and stepfamilies present additional challenges.
Step-by-step explanation:
The phrases that represent factors that would protect children from the negative consequences of divorce are 'primary custody' and the idea of a 'strong parent-child relationship'. These elements can greatly improve a child's adjustment to divorce. Proximity to parents and living arrangements influence the well-being of children after divorce, with research showing that boys benefit from living or having joint arrangements with their fathers, and girls gain similar benefits from arrangements with their mothers. Additionally, despite the upheavals of divorce, many adolescents still hold the view that having a 'strong marriage and family life' is critically important, indicating resilience and positive attitudes towards these institutions.
Children's responses to divorce can vary based on age, with school-aged children and older teenagers experiencing different challenges in understanding and coping with the separation. However, overall, children do best in environments with low conflict; excessive conflict or abuse within the home can be detrimental.
It is further suggested that although stepfamilies can offer certain benefits such as economic stability, they also come with challenges such as increased interpersonal conflict, which may not be conducive to a child's stress levels. Thus, maintaining strong, positive relationships and providing stability are key to mitigating the potential negative impact of divorce on children.