Final answer:
To determine if a reaction is Markovnikov or anti-Markovnikov, one must consider the regioselectivity in hydrogen addition to alkenes, where Markovnikov's rule applies to the more substituted carbon getting the hydrogen.
Step-by-step explanation:
To determine if a reaction will be Markovnikov or anti-Markovnikov, you need to look at the type of addition reaction and the reagents involved. The Markovnikov rule states that in the addition of HX to an alkene, the hydrogen (H) will add to the more substituted carbon atom, while the halide (X) will add to the less substituted carbon atom. Conversely, anti-Markovnikov addition occurs when the hydrogen adds to the less substituted carbon atom. This rule generally applies to reactions that proceed via a carbocation intermediate, where the stability of the intermediate determines the regioselectivity of the addition. The correct answer here is that in Markovnikov addition, the more substituted carbon receives the hydrogen (option b). This outcome is not dependent on temperature (option d), but on the stability of the carbocation intermediate formed during the reaction.