Final answer:
The passage by James Folta is about the historical development of Judaism as a monotheistic religion with an emphasis on ethical behavior and equality before God, as reflected in the Torah and further expanded in the Talmud.
Step-by-step explanation:
The passage Judaism and Monotheistic Morality written by James Folta primarily discusses the development of Judaism as a monotheistic religion with a focus on moral behavior and an ethical system that emphasizes the equality of all individuals before God. The Jews' transformation to monotheism is believed to have solidified after their exodus from Egypt, the reception of the Ten Commandments by Moses, and the subsequent evolution of religious practices and legal structures later embodied in the Talmud. A significant aspect of Judaism is its emphasis on the importance of moral behavior and action in this life rather than solely on personal salvation in the afterlife. This religion also establishes principles of living a righteous life within a community, guided by the laws of Moses and the idea of an egalitarian relationship among people before God.