Final answer:
A catapult works by converting stored potential energy into kinetic energy as the arm is released. The potential energy is transformed into the motion of the projectile, propelling it a distance. The transfer of energy is governed by the conservation of energy principle.
Step-by-step explanation:
Understanding How a Catapult Works
A catapult is a device used to launch projectiles a great distance without the use of explosive propellants. The basic principle behind a catapult is the conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy. When the catapult's arm is pulled back, tension is created in the elastic material or the counterweight is raised, which stores potential energy. This stored energy is due to the position of the stretched or lifted components relative to their relaxed state.
As the catapult's arm is released, the stored potential energy is rapidly converted into kinetic energy, the energy of motion, as the arm swings forward. The transfer of energy from potential to kinetic propels the projectile forward and into the air. The amount of kinetic energy can be calculated using the mathematical equation KE = 1/2 mv^2, where m is mass and v is velocity. The SI unit for both potential and kinetic energy is the joule (J).
As the projectile is hurled, it continues to transfer energy, expressing its kinetic energy by covering distance until gravity and air resistance eventually bring it to a halt. Throughout its trajectory, the conservation of energy principle holds that the sum of potential and kinetic energy remains constant, provided that we ignore energy losses due to factors like air resistance and friction.