Final answer:
The cranial nerves arising from the medulla include the glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX), vagus nerve (CNX), accessory nerve (CNXI), and hypoglossal nerve (CNXII), which are involved in sensory and motor functions such as taste, autonomic control, and movement of the neck and tongue.
Step-by-step explanation:
The cranial nerves that arise from the medulla are the glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX), the vagus nerve (CNX), the accessory nerve (CNXI), and the hypoglossal nerve (CNXII). The glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves are both sensory and motor nerves. The accessory nerve is primarily a motor nerve, and the hypoglossal nerve is also a motor nerve that controls movement of the tongue.
These nerves play critical roles in bodily functions. For example, the glossopharyngeal nerve is involved in taste and swallowing, the vagus nerve controls autonomic functions in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, the accessory nerve aids in shoulder and neck movements, and the hypoglossal nerve manages tongue movements which is critical for speech and swallowing.