Answer:
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857): Denied citizenship to African Americans, reinforcing the view of slaves as property.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): Legalized racial segregation, endorsing "separate but equal" facilities.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Declared racial segregation in schools unconstitutional, challenging the "separate but equal" doctrine.
In re Gault (1967): Established due process rights for juveniles, ensuring similar protections as adults in delinquency proceedings.
Step-by-step explanation:
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857):
Outcome:
The Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott, a slave, could not sue for his freedom because he was considered property and not a citizen.
Effect on U.S. Citizenship:
The decision effectively denied citizenship and any constitutional rights to African Americans, free or enslaved, and reinforced the idea that slaves were property rather than people.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896):
Outcome:
The Supreme Court upheld state racial segregation laws under the doctrine of "separate but equal," stating that as long as facilities were equal, segregation did not violate the 14th Amendment.
Effect on U.S. Citizenship:
The decision legalized racial segregation and discrimination, particularly in the Southern states, and contributed to the establishment of Jim Crow laws.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954):
Outcome:
The Supreme Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson.
Effect on U.S. Citizenship:
The decision marked a pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement. It rejected the concept of "separate but equal" and declared that racial segregation in public education was inherently unequal.
In re Gault (1967):
Outcome:
The Supreme Court ruled that juveniles accused of crimes in a delinquency proceeding must be afforded some of the same due process rights as adults, including the right to counsel.
Effect on U.S. Citizenship: The decision recognized the rights of juveniles and emphasized the importance of due process in juvenile proceedings.
Thus,
The outcome and the effect of each case is given above.