Final answer:
The statement is TRUE; higher brain regions such as the hypothalamus can influence the control network in the brain stem to alter breathing rate and depth. This is part of the complex system that regulates our ventilation, which can be affected by emotions, stress, and other systemic factors.
Step-by-step explanation:
Control of Ventilation
The statement that higher centers in the hypothalamus and cerebrum can alter the activity of the brain stem control network to change ventilation rate and depth is TRUE. The control of ventilation involves complex interactions between various brain regions. While the medulla oblongata and the pons primarily regulate the respiratory rate and depth in response to changes in blood pH and carbon dioxide levels, the hypothalamus and limbic system can influence these centers. For instance, emotions, pain, and body temperature, all relayed through the hypothalamus, can lead to changes in respiration. The hypothalamus can cause an increase in the respiratory rate during stress or excitement due to its connection with the fight-or-flight response. Similarly, a rise in body temperature results in increased breathing rate to enhance heat loss.
Diaphragm control also demonstrates the interplay between voluntary and involuntary control systems. While primarily under automatic control, the diaphragm can be consciously controlled to some extent, allowing us to alter our breathing pattern or hold our breath. On the other hand, hypoventilation is not described as fast and shallow breathing; it refers to inadequate ventilation to meet the body's oxygen demand or to adequately remove carbon dioxide, often characterized by slow and deep breaths.
Factors such as exercise and altitude can necessitate modifications in respiratory functions, like increased rate and depth of breathing. These changes are coordinated through neural mechanisms including psychological stimuli and activation of proprioceptors. The respiratory system's flexibility highlights the importance of both involuntary control by the brain stem and the modifying influence of higher brain regions.
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