Answer:
Claim:
Stephan should do well on his math final exam this week.
Warrant:
The warrant is the assumption or reasoning that connects the data to the claim. In this case, the warrant is implied but can be stated as follows: If Stephan has studied math for three hours a day for the past two weeks, and 80% of students who study do well on their exams, then it is expected that Stephan should do well on his math final exam.
Data:
Stephan has studied math three hours a day for the past two weeks.
Eighty percent of students who study do well on their exams.
Impact:
It is important that Stephan pass his final exam so that his classmates can see him walk across the stage at graduation.
The impact is the significance or consequence attached to the claim. In this case, the argument suggests that Stephan's success on the math final exam is not only for his benefit but also for the perception of his classmates during the graduation ceremony.
Additional Data:
Another piece of valid data to support the argument could be statistics or studies showing a positive correlation between consistent, focused study habits and academic success. For example, a study indicating that students who maintain regular and dedicated study routines tend to perform better on exams could reinforce the claim.
Reason for Validity:
This data is valid because it provides a broader context and supports the general assumption that regular and focused studying is positively correlated with academic success. It adds an additional layer of evidence to the warrant, reinforcing the idea that Stephan's dedicated study habits increase the likelihood of his success on the math final exam.
Rebuttal to the Counterclaim:
If someone counterclaims that Stephan often stays out late with his friends and may not get enough sleep before his exam, a good rebuttal would be to emphasize the specific focus on studying mentioned in the original data. One could argue that the evidence presented is based on the fact that Stephan has studied math for three hours a day for the past two weeks, implying a commitment to academic preparation. Additionally, it would be relevant to mention that the counterclaim about staying out late is not supported by the given data and could be addressed by stating that Stephan's study habits, as presented, are more likely to influence his exam performance.