Final answer:
The late 1800s saw the identification of three types of radiation—alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays—based on their charge, mass and interaction with an electric or magnetic field. Different penetration capabilities are also a characteristic of these radiation types. This discovery was integral in understanding radioactive decay and atomic physics.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the late 1800s, groundbreaking experiments by scientists led to the identification of three different types of radiation, labelled as alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays, based on their charge and mass. This discovery was facilitated by directing radiation between two electrically charged plates. Two of these radiation types—alpha and beta particles—carry a positive and negative charge respectively, and have substantial mass. On the other hand, gamma rays are uncharged and are actually high-energy electromagnetic waves. Their unique characteristics were discerned through their interaction with a magnetic or electric field, as elucidated by Ernest Rutherford's experiments.
These radiation types also showcase different capabilities when it comes to penetration. While alpha particles struggle to pass through a thin sheet of paper, beta particles can delve about 3mm into aluminum, and gamma rays can penetrate even lead to a depth of two or more centimeters. The recognition of these distinct radiation types contributed greatly to the understanding of radioactive decay as well as atomic and nuclear physics.
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