Answer:
When William of Orange sailed from Holland and invaded England in what came to be known as the Glorious Revolution of 1688, James II took a series of actions in response to the threat to his rule. Here are the key actions James took during that time:
1. Dismissal of Key Officials: As news of William's invasion reached England, James II dismissed several key officials who were seen as sympathetic to the Protestant cause and potential supporters of William. This move was an attempt by James to consolidate his power and remove potential obstacles to his rule.
2. Attempted Negotiations: James II initially sought to negotiate with William rather than engage in armed conflict. He sent representatives to negotiate with William in an effort to find a peaceful resolution and maintain his position on the throne. However, these negotiations ultimately failed to reach a satisfactory agreement.
3. Desertion of the Army: As William's forces advanced, James II's army began to desert him. Many officers and soldiers defected to William's side, weakening James' military position and further undermining his authority.
4. Flight from London: Faced with diminishing support and the advancing forces of William, James II made the decision to flee from London. On December 10, 1688, he left the city and embarked on a journey to France, seeking refuge and support from his cousin, King Louis XIV.
5. Abdication: While in France, James II realized that his chances of regaining the throne were unlikely. In 1689, he formally abdicated the English throne and recognized William and Mary as the rightful monarchs. This act effectively ended his reign and marked the official transfer of power to William and Mary.
It is worth noting that James II's flight and subsequent abdication were pivotal moments in the Glorious Revolution, as they allowed for a relatively smooth transition of power and the establishment of a Protestant monarchy under William and Mary.