Final answer:
Robert Anthony's Hierarchy of management activity includes operational, middle management, and strategic management levels, dictating responsibilities and decision-making authority. It aligns with the concept of hierarchy of authority, where each position reports to a higher one in the chain of command.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer to the student's question is C) Robert Anthony's Hierarchy of management activity which includes three levels: operational, tactical (or middle management), and strategic management. This model organizes managers based on their role responsibilities and decision-making powers within an organization. At the operational level, managers are responsible for day-to-day operations and direct supervision of employees. Moving up, middle management focuses on tactical processes and implements the strategies set by the higher level. Finally, at the strategic management level, top managers make long-term decisions that affect the entire organization, setting overall goals and policies.
The hierarchy of authority refers to the way an organization structures its chain of command, where each employee reports to a superior, ultimately connecting the workforce to the top leaders. For example, within a retail company like Walmart, a shift manager is in charge of the floor staff, reports to a store manager, who then reports to a regional manager, with this chain continuing all the way up to the CEO and the board of directors.