Final answer:
Henry VIII wanted an annulment from Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn and seek a male heir, which the pope refused, leading to the formation of the Church of England with Henry as the head.
Step-by-step explanation:
Henry VIII separated from the Catholic Church because he was angry that the pope would not annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. In addition, he wanted to assure the succession of his dynasty and seek a male heir by marrying Anne Boleyn, which required an annulment that the Catholic Church, under Pope Clement VII, refused to grant due to political and religious pressures. This refusal led Henry to enact the Act in Restraint of Appeals and the Act of Submission of the Clergy, establishing himself as the head of the newly formed Church of England and enabling him to annul his own marriage.
Under the new church, there were few immediate doctrinal changes, but Henry did dissolve the monasteries in England and seized their wealth, thus strengthening his treasury. Henry's decision had prolonged effects, sparking further religious reforms during the reigns of his children, particularly under his Protestant son Edward VI and later under Elizabeth I, who sought a compromise between Protestants and Catholics while laying the foundations for the Anglican Church as it is known today.