Answer:
Step-by-step explanation:
The four philosophical periods that have emerged to influence the history of nursing are:
The period of intuitive nursing: This period spanned from ancient times to the mid-19th century. During this period, nursing care was provided primarily by women, who were considered nurturing and instinctively caring. There were no formal education or training programs for nurses, and their role was often limited to providing basic care and comfort to the sick.
The period of apprenticeship: This period began in the mid-19th century and lasted until the early 20th century. During this time, nursing became a formal profession with the establishment of nursing schools and training programs. The focus of nursing education was on learning by doing, with students working as apprentices under the supervision of experienced nurses.
The period of technical nursing: This period began in the early 20th century and lasted until the 1960s. During this time, nursing education became more focused on technical skills and scientific knowledge. Nurses were expected to have a strong understanding of anatomy, physiology, and other scientific principles, and they were often trained to perform technical procedures and administer medications.
The period of conceptual nursing: This period began in the 1960s and continues to the present day. During this time, nursing has become more focused on holistic care and the relationship between the nurse and the patient. Nurses are trained to consider the patient's physical, emotional, and social needs, and to develop care plans that address all aspects of the patient's well-being. The focus of nursing education has shifted towards critical thinking, problem-solving, and leadership skills.