Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. When heat is transferred to or from a substance, the kinetic energy of its particles changes, causing a change in temperature. This transfer of heat can occur through various mechanisms such as conduction, convection, or radiation. Changes in temperature can have a wide range of effects on materials and systems, from altering the physical properties of a substance to affecting the efficiency of industrial processes or the survival of living organisms