Answer:
Step-by-step explanation:
The process of converting genetic information stored in DNA into functional proteins that can be used by cells is known as gene expression. This process is composed of several steps:
Transcription: The first step in gene expression is the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA. This is accomplished through the process of transcription, where an enzyme called RNA polymerase reads the DNA code and synthesizes a complementary RNA molecule. This RNA molecule is called messenger RNA (mRNA).
Splicing: Before the mRNA molecule is transported out of the nucleus, it may undergo a process called splicing. This process involves the removal of non-coding sequences of the mRNA molecule, leaving only the coding sequence, called exons.
Translation: After the mRNA molecule has been processed and is in the cytoplasm, it is translated into a protein by ribosomes. The ribosome reads the sequence of codons (groups of three nucleotides) in the mRNA molecule and uses this information to assemble a chain of amino acids. The amino acids are linked together through peptide bonds to form a functional protein.
Post-translational modification: Once the protein is produced, it may undergo further modification, such as folding into its final 3D shape or modification by the addition of chemical groups. These modifications are important for the proper functioning of the protein.
In summary, gene expression is the process by which the genetic information stored in DNA is transcribed into mRNA, processed, and then translated into functional proteins in the cytoplasm. These proteins carry out the functions that are essential for the survival and functioning of cells.