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Renaissance: The Renaissance was a cultural and intellectual movement that originated in Italy in the 14th to 17th centuries, characterized by a revival of classical learning, a rediscovery of the arts, and an increased focus on individualism. The foundational ideas of the Renaissance included humanism, which emphasized the value and potential of human beings, and classical revival, which saw a return to the ideals and styles of ancient Greece and Rome.
Reformation: The Reformation was a religious movement in the 16th century that aimed to reform the Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment of Protestantism. The foundational ideas of the Reformation included the belief in the importance of individual interpretation of the Bible, the rejection of the authority of the Pope and the Church, and the idea of salvation by faith alone.
Scientific Revolution: The Scientific Revolution was a period of time in the 17th century during which there was a significant shift in thinking about the natural world and the role of science in understanding it. The foundational ideas of the Scientific Revolution included the scientific method, which emphasized empirical evidence and observation as the basis for knowledge, and the idea that natural laws govern the universe.
Enlightenment: The Enlightenment was an intellectual and cultural movement of the 17th and 18th centuries that built upon the ideas of the Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution. The Enlightenment emphasized reason, science, and individualism and was characterized by a new emphasis on freedom of thought, expression, and religion. The foundational ideas of the Enlightenment included the belief in the power of reason to understand the world and shape society, the rejection of tradition and authority in favor of individualism, and the idea of progress and the potential for improvement. The Enlightenment also emphasized religious tolerance and civil liberties.