Question #1:
Improvements in telescopes and microscopes allowed scientists to make direct observations that disprove some of the theories that led to new discoveries. Robert Hooke and Robert Boyle.
Question #2:
Galileo was ordered to turn himself in to the Holy Office to begin trial for holding the belief that the Earth revolves around the sun, which was deemed heretical by the Catholic Church.
Question#3:
The invention of the microscope led to the discovery of the cell by Hooke. While looking at cork, Hooke observed box-shaped structures, which he called “cells” as they reminded him of the cells, or rooms, in monasteries. This discovery led to the development of the classical cell theory.