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Ismāʿīl I, also spelled Esmāʿīl I, (born July 17, 1487, Ardabīl?, Azerbaijan—died May 23, 1524, Ardabīl, Safavid Iran), shah of Iran (1501–24) and religious leader who founded the Safavid dynasty (the first Persian dynasty to rule Iran in 800 years) and converted Iran from the Sunni to the Twelver Shiʿi sect of Islam.
According to Safavid tradition, Ismāʿīl was descended from ʿAlī. His grandfather Junayd, leader of a Sufi order (tariqah) that had adopted a militant form of Shiʿism, initiated the family’s quest for political power, backed by military support from disaffected Turkmen who were later known collectively as the Kizilbash (“Red Heads”). Ḥaydar, Junayd’s son and successor, continued this quest but died in battle against the Ak Koyunlu when Ismāʿīl was only a year old. Fearful that their enemies would wipe out the entire family, supporters of the tariqah kept members of the family hidden for a number of years.
Ismāʿīl emerged at the age of 14 to take his father’s position as head of the order. He quickly established a base of power in northwestern Iran, and in 1501 he took the city of Tabrīz and proclaimed himself shah. In a succession of swift conquests he brought all of modern Iran and portions of present-day Iraq and Turkey under his rule.
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