There were several economic, political, and social/cultural factors that contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s.
Economically, the 1920s saw a period of economic growth and prosperity, but this was built on a foundation of speculation and consumer debt. When the stock market crashed in 1929, it set off a chain reaction of bank failures and business closures, which led to widespread unemployment and poverty. Additionally, the gold standard, which linked the value of currency to the amount of gold a country held, limited the ability of governments to stimulate their economies through monetary policy.
Politically, there was a lack of international cooperation in addressing the economic crisis. Many countries adopted protectionist trade policies, which further reduced global trade and economic growth.
Socially and culturally, the 1920s were a time of great social change, but this progress was unevenly distributed. Many Americans were still living in poverty, and the gap between the rich and the poor was growing. Additionally, the rise of fascist and communist ideologies in Europe and the increasing tensions between the United States and Japan, helped to create an atmosphere of uncertainty and fear that further undermined economic stability.
Overall, the Great Depression was a complex event with multiple causes, but economic, political, and social/cultural factors all played a role in creating the conditions that led to the worst economic downturn in modern history.