Final answer:
The question involves constructing complementary DNA sequences, transcribing them to mRNA, and translating those to proteins. Mutations in DNA like substitution, insertion, or deletion can significantly affect the resulting amino acids and protein function.
Step-by-step explanation:
Understanding DNA Mutations and Their Consequences
The subject in question involves DNA sequences and specific types of mutations known as substitution mutations, insertions, and deletions. When dealing with DNA, it is critical to correctly construct complementary strands and transcribe them to mRNA, followed by translation to amino acid sequences in proteins. An alteration in the DNA sequence can lead to changes in the resulting protein, due to the high fidelity of the transcription and translation processes. For instance, if we mutate a guanine (G) to a cytosine (C) in a DNA strand, this would alter the complementary base and potentially change the codon during transcription, which may cause a different amino acid to be incorporated into the protein or even introduce a stop codon, which can prematurely terminate the protein synthesis. Such a change can have profound effects on the structure and function of the protein.
Considering the DNA template strand '3'-TACTG ACTGACGAT C-5'', the complementary DNA would be '5'-ATGAC TGACTGCTA G-3'', which after transcription yields an mRNA of '5'-AUGAC UGACUGC'UA G-3''. After translation, the specific amino acid sequence that corresponds to this mRNA will be produced. If this sequence suffers an insertion mutation, like the one shown in example 29, this could lead to a frameshift mutation, which causes all downstream amino acids to be altered, often rendering the protein nonfunctional.
For the provided sequence 'GGCTACATTCGGAA', the complementary strand written in the 5' to 3' direction would be '5'-TCCGTAAGTCCGTT-3'.