Answer: hierarchical scaling
Step-by-step explanation:
The options are:
(A) the use of oil paints
(B) the emphasis on naturalism
(C) the desire to create three-dimensional images
(D) secular portraiture
(E) hierarchical scaling
Renaissance art began in the 14th and it has to do with artwork during the Renaissance period in Europe which was as a result of the impact of nature and classical learning on art.
Since of its characteristics include naturalism, positive willingness to be able to explore and also learn, humanism, secularism etc.
It should be noted that hierarchical scaling is not among the characteristics.