Answer: C) permanently.
Explanation: the denotation of a word is its literal meaning, the definition that we can find in a dictionary, a word can have several denotations (or definitions). In the given excerpt from "Collonialism in the United States" by Henry C. Lodge, the closest meaning to the word "indelibly" is the corresponding to option C: permanently, because it is comparing it to the footprint of some extinct beast upon a piece of stone (which is permanent).