1. "Locke's Political Philosophy. John Locke (1632–1704) is among the most influential political philosophers of the modern period. In the Two Treatises of Government, he defended the claim that men are by nature free and equal against claims that God had made all people naturally subject to a monarch"
2. "The English Bill of Rights of 1689 inspired the American Bill of Rights. One of the bill's authors, James Madison, also drew inspiration from the Virginia Declaration of Rights, ratified before the Constitution of Virginia in 1776."
3. "Montesquieu concluded that the best form of government was one in which the legislative, executive, and judicial powers were separate and kept each other in check to prevent any branch from becoming too powerful. He believed that uniting these powers, as in the monarchy of Louis XIV, would lead to despotism."
4. Social contract theory, nearly as old as philosophy itself, is the view that persons' moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live.
4. p. 2 I don't really know.
hope this helps you out!