In creating a new government, a Continental Congress wrestled with three issues: The first involved representation in Congress of different-sized states. Congress decided that each state would have one vote. The second had to do with how power was distributed. In approving the Articles of Confederation, Congress created two levels of government. The national government had the power to declare war, make peace, sign treaties, borrow money, create a postal service, and deal with Native Americans. State governments retained many other powers. The third concerned land west of the Appalachian Mountains.
2: Federalists were the party that pushed for the Constitution without the Bill of Rights. Anti-Federalists pushed for the Bill of Rights (you can see who won that argument). Federalists wanted only the wealthy and educated in power, while Anti-Federalists believed anyone could be in power. Alexander Hamilton was one of the first Federalists, and Thomas Jefferson one of the first Anti-Federalists.