Answer:
all of the above
Step-by-step explanation:
Debt:
The constant interests generated by international loans to developing nations makes them constantly in asymmetrical dependence. In that, they continue to pay for many years the amount of debt and then they are encircled in a cycle of constant repayment of interests.
Trade subsidies
They often protect the national producers however in many cases they lack the competitivity necessary according to the free market economy. In this way, their products become of less quality that eventually is not competitive and still, the state needs to save the sectors.
Aid from developed countries.
The sense of being in need of help stimulates a situation where dependency is more aggravated. Then the country continues to assume the role of being assisted. Many scholars from these developing countries do not see with good eyes the aid coming from the UN. They rather promote a culture of national projects and boost local industries and more autonomy.