Convection and radiation is how the heat is transferred within the Sun, which involves circulation of hydrogen ions. Convection and conduction is how the heat is transferred within the Earth, which involves circulation of silicates in the Earth's mantle layer and crust layer, and by the circulation of iron in the liquid outer core. On the surface of the Earth and the atmosphere, heat emanating largely from the Sun is transferred by convection, which involves the circulation of carbon and water.