Final answer:
A storm surge is characterized by coastal flooding due to a sudden rise in sea level during a storm, caused by strong onshore winds and exacerbated by climate change and sea level rise.
Step-by-step explanation:
A storm surge is characterized by a sudden rise in sea level in coastal areas during a storm or hurricane, primarily caused by strong winds blowing onshore. It is not typically associated with hail, lightning, or winds on their own, but rather with significant coastal flooding. This phenomenon can overwhelm natural and artificial barriers, leading to overwash, where water and materials like sand are pushed over these barriers, causing further damage to coastal environments.
Storm surges have severe implications for coastal economies and environments and are exacerbated by factors such as sea level rise and climate change. Recent events have shown that rising sea levels and more intense storms increase the likelihood of catastrophic storm surges, as illustrated by historical instances like Hurricane Katrina. As scientists link climate change to more severe weather phenomena, the risk of damaging storm surges continues to grow. Even as emissions are reduced, the already present CO2 and heat retained in the oceans will continue to contribute to rising sea levels, suggesting that coastal areas will face challenges for centuries to come.
During events like hurricanes, storm surges can lead to devastating economic and environmental damage, highlighting the importance of understanding this phenomenon when preparing for and responding to tropical storms and hurricanes.