Final answer:
The Free-Soil and Know-Nothing candidates in the elections preceding Abraham Lincoln's victory in 1860.
Step-by-step explanation:
The presidential elections preceding Abraham Lincoln’s victory in 1860
1848 Election:
The Free-Soil candidate in the 1848 election was Martin Van Buren. He was chosen by the newly formed Free-Soil party, which aimed to stop the expansion of slavery. Van Buren supported free homesteads, the immediate abolition of slavery, and a strong stance against slavery in the territories.
1852 Election:
The Free-Soil candidate in the 1852 election was John P. Hale. He had taken a strong stance against the Compromise of 1850 and pledged to give homesteads to western settlers.
1856 Election:
The Know-Nothing candidate in the 1856 election was Millard Fillmore. The Know-Nothing party aimed to restrict Irish and German immigration to the United States. Fillmore also supported protective tariffs, internal improvements, and opposed slavery throughout the country.