The answer is Gestalt.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Gestalt theorists point out that perception is not formed by isolated pieces of information, but rather our particular experience of reality, that is inteligible only by virtue of our lingüistic background and social field of expectations, thanks to which we're able to identify what we percieve.
Those are the "discrete sensioral impressions" from your question.
And the "whole constructed from the assamblage of the parts" is the principle of closure, in the 5 principles of Gestalt Theory.