Answer:
C. Africa
What's the Byzantine Empire?
A practical answer to this question:
The Roman Empire began to divide and reunify between the East and West starting in the third century. The unified Empire's capital was shifted from Rome to several Italian cities before Constantine founded Constantinople as the new location in the fourth century. The Empire had irrevocably divided between the East and the West by the end of the fourth century. The city of Constantinople was rising in importance. The Eastern Empire survived the collapse of the Western Empire, and Constantinople rose to prominence as the most important metropolis in the Mediterranean and Europe. It served as the hub of the Christian era.
When someone spoke "Roman" in the Middle Ages, they were mostly referring to Constantinople. (The Arabs used a less precise term and called any Europeans "Romans.) As the Frankish Empire expanded and occupied the city of Rome, people there naturally desired to claim the "Roman" identity since it was seen as a badge of honor. As a result, they began referring to their Empire as the "Roman" Empire, which naturally caused conflict with Constantinople. However, even in Western Europe, the majority of people still used the term "Roman" to refer to Constantinople. As a result of the conflict, the Eastern Roman Empire came to be known as the Greek Empire by many Westerners (since by then the Easterners had abandoned Latin).
By the end of the Middle Ages, the Islamic Golden Age was coming to an end, the Eastern Roman Empire was falling apart, and Western Europe was starting the Renaissance. The achievements of the Muslims and the Eastern Romans were progressively learnt from by Western Europe, which finally started to exceed them. The hubris that followed these successes. The 18th and 19th centuries saw the emergence of a revisionist history. With the claim that they had never actually been "Roman," but were only pretenders, the Eastern Roman Empire had been called the "Byzantine" Empire. The Muslim Caliphates were really a small historical footnote that never really mattered much. The basic premise was that after the fall of the Great Roman Empire in the fifth century, the world entered a period of darkness known as the Dark Ages. However, during the Renaissance, the true descendants of the Romans, Western Europeans, miraculously rediscovered Roman and Greek knowledge and made incredible discoveries without the aid of those silly "Byzantines" and Muslims.
Thank you,
Eddie