Answer:
21. b) gustatory receptors
22. d) a,b and c are correct
23. a) vitreous body
24. c) neural tunic (also known as nervous tunic, it is the innermost layer)
25. b) rod-based vision
26. b) middle year
27. a) balance and equilibrium
28. (very unclear image)
a) pinna
b) earlobe (a bit unclear from the image if it is on the lower side under a)
c) ear/auditory canal
d) hammer & anvil
e) semicircular canals
f) vestibule
g) Eustachian tube
h) cochlea
i) auditory nerve
29. d) cochlea
30. tactile receptors, baroreceptors and proprioceptors
31. a) tactile corpuscles – detect fine touch and pressure
b) ruffini corpuscle – sentivie to pressure and distortion of the skin
c) root hair plexus – responsible for monitoring distortions and movements across the body surface
d) lamellated corpuscles: sensitive to pulsing for vibrating stimuli (deep pressure)
e) free nerve endings – sensitive to touch and pressure
f) tactile discs: detect fine touch and pressure
32. a) sclera and cornea
b) The fibrous tunic is composed of dense connective tissue that protects the eyeball and maintains its shape.
33. The vascular tunic if the eye is composed by: the choroid, the ciliary body, and the iris (from behind forward). As it is composed of a network of blood vessels, the vascular tunic has the function of supplying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the eye.
34. a) Sound travels through the ear canal and causes the eardrum to vibrate
b) The eardrum vibrations will cause the auditory ossicles to move
c) Movement of stapes at the oval window will create pressure waves in perilymph of scala vestibule
d) The vibration of the basilar membrane will in turn cause movement in the hair cells across the tectorial membrane.
e) Information about the region and intensity of the sound is relayed to the CNS (central nervous system) over the cochlear ranch of cranial nerve
35. c) area of brain stimulated
36. c) sound interpretation and pattern recognition may be impossible
37. General senses have receptors spread throughout the body such as skin, muscles, joints etc. However, special senses have specialized functions that act through specialized receptors. These are confined to the region of the head.
38. The CNS receives the information in the form of an electrical signal created by the action potentials of the neurons.
39. This has to do with how sound is processed by the central nervous system. Olfactory sensations reach the cerebral cortex through the hypothalamus and the limbic system, without first being filtered through the thalamus. Furthermore, the olfactory bulb where smell is analyzed, is closely connected to the amygdala and hippocampus, which are responsible for processing memory and emotion.
40. The 20/15 raiting on the Snellen chart is better than 20/20, because this person can see objects at 20 feet that a person with 20/20 can only see at 15 feet.
41. As you direct your gaze more medially your medial rectus muscles would contract. Furthermore, your pupils would constrict and the lenses would become more spherical.
42. The loud noised caused bythe fireworks have transferred a large amount of energy to the endolymph in the cochlea of her ears. As a result, this fluid continues to move for a long time. When the fireworks end, the vibrations associated with normal conversation are not strong enough to overcome the currents already moving through the endolymph. Thus, these vibrations coming from normal conversation are difficult to discern against the background "noise." As long as the endolymph is moving, it will vibrate the tectorial membrane and will stimulate the hair cells, producing a "ringing" sensation. However, this sensation will subside with time.
43. Due to the rapid descent in the elevator, the maculae in the saccule of the vestibule will slide upward. This produces the sensation of downward vertical motion. However, after the elevator abruptly stops, it will take a few seconds for the maculae to come to rest in the normal position. As long as the maculae are displaced, the movement will still be perceived.