Social and Cultural: People invented myths and their own culture. For example, you have the doctors wearing those creepy bird masks. People killed rats (although, the humans were really more unsanitary dumping their waste on the street!) The 'Ring around the Rosie' rhyme became a thing.
Economic: Trade was riskier, because the plague could spread.
Political: First off, everyone is pretty uneasy. Borders may be closed (they really weren't) and across Europe the upper class did their best to stay out of it (although that didn't exist very much then)
When you get a chance, download the game 'Plague Inc.' to your phone. Watch how the virus spreads!