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Polarization is unaffected by a colored filter, but polarizing filters exist. "Color" is how we sense visible light with different mix of wavelengths. Each wavelength of light in the visible range is a particular color. White light is all the wavelength mixed together at the right balance.
Filters have the properties of absorbing certain frequencies: this is due to chemical properties of the molecules of the pigments within. What filters do is attenuate selected wavelengths of light. A red filter blocks most blue light, for example. If you start with white light and take out the blue, green, and some of the yellow, the result looks red.
This could be called Light Filtration or color subtraction. Maybe there is another term you are looking for, but for now this is what I got.
Hope this helps!
P.S. There are actually multiple different kinds of filters, such as Absorption Filters, Interference Filters, and Color Correction filters. but none of these types have anything to do with properties of light. Just another fun fact for ur brain to process. :)